Unveiling Xylanolytic Enzymes Production of Talaromyces wortmannii DR49 on Industrial Agro Wastes

Abstract Xylan degradation is an important step in different industries, such as in biorefinery for biomass hydrolysis. Talaromyces wortmannii is a known fungus due to second metabolite production but only few works showed the xylanolytic potential of this fungus. In this way, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production of xylanolytic enzymes from T. wortmannii DR49 on industrial agro wastes. Cultivation in shake flask showed highest xylanase titration (10.3 U/mL; 9.5 U/mL) for wheat bran (WB) and hydrothermal pretreated sugar cane bagasse (HB); in β-xylosidase production WB and xylose were the best carbon sources (0.57 U/mL; 0.34 U/mL) respectively. STR cultivation revealed that 29°C and pH 6.0 were the best conditions for xylanase (14.5 U/mL) and β-xylosidase (1.7 U/mL) production. T. wortmannii DR49 showed to be a potential candidate for xylanolytic enzymes production using agro wastes in bioreactors, which has never been previously reported in this fungus.

Reciclagem de éter-aminas, utilizadas na flotação de minério de ferro, por meio da adsorção / Recycling of éther-amines, used in iron ore flotation, by adsorption

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar uma possível rota de reciclagem para as éter-aminas, utilizadas para aumentar a eficiência do processo de flotação catiônica reversa do minério de ferro. Estudou-se um método de separação físico-química utilizando TANFLOC como floculante. As águas de rejeito contêm, em sua maior parte, amina e sílica, e o objetivo desse método era separar a sílica do rejeito. A separação físico-química, porém, não foi eficaz, visto que o processo não foi capaz de flocular somente a sílica, floculando também parte da éter-amina. Foi avaliado também o processo de adsorção e, para tanto, utilizaram-se como materiais adsorventes a serragem Angelim e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, ambos in natura. Esses materiais foram capazes de remover aproximadamente 95 e 90% de éter-amina, com capacidades adsortivas de 4,2 e 2,7 mg.g-1, respectivamente, utilizando massa de 1,5 g e estabelecendo tempo de equilíbrio de 30 minutos. Verificou-se que a eficiência de remoção é maior em pH próximo a 10. Pelos estudos termodinâmicos foi possível concluir, para a serragem, que o processo é termodinamicamente favorável e exotérmico. Para o bagaço de cana não foi possível analisar o comportamento termodinâmico. Além disso, o processo de dessorção permitiu recuperar em torno de 80% de éter-amina, além da possibilidade de regeneração e reutilização dos materiais adsorventes, o que mostra a viabilidade de reciclar a éter-amina pelo mecanismo de adsorção.

ABSTRACT The present work has the objective of investigating the possible recycling route for ether-amines, used for improving the efficiency of the process of iron ore's reverse flotation. A physical-chemical separation method has been studied using TANFLOC as flocculant. The wastewater contains, mainly, amine and silica, and the objective of this method was to separate the silica from the waste by flocculation. However, this method was not effective, as flocculation was not able to flocculate only silica, but also part of the ether-amine. Furthermore, the process of adsorption was assessed, and for this it was used as materials adsorbents Angelim's sawdust and sugar cane bagasse, both in natura, with which it was possible to remove approximately 95 and 90% of ether-amines, with adsorptive capacity of 4,2 and 2,7 mg.g-1, respectively, by using a mass of 1.5 g and a settling time of 30 minutes. It was verified that the removal efficiency is greater at a pH around 10. Thermodynamic studies were carried out and they were able to state, for sawdust, that this process is thermodynamically favorable and exothermic. In the case of sugar cane bagasse, it was not possible to analyze its thermodynamic behavior. In addition, the use of desorption revealed the possibility of regaining around 80% of the ether-amines. This proved that it is possible to recycle ether-amines by the adsorption mechanism.

Agroindustrial biomass for xylanase production by Penicillium chrysogenum: purification, biochemical properties and hydrolysis of hemicelluloses

Background: In this work, the xylanase production by Penicillium chrysogenum F-15 strain was investigated using agroindustrial biomass as substrate. The xylanase was purified, characterized and applied in hemicellulose hydrolysis. Results: The highest xylanase production was obtained when cultivation was carried out with sugar cane bagasse as carbon source, at pH 6.0 and 20°C, under static condition for 8 d. The enzyme was purified by a sequence of ion exchange and size exclusion chromatography, presenting final specific activity of 834.2 U·mg·prot-1. T he molecular mass of the purified enzyme estimated by SDS-PAGE was 22.1 kDa. The optimum activity was at pH 6.5 and 45°C. The enzyme was stable at 40°C with half-life of 35 min, and in the pH range from 4.5 to 10.0. The activity was increased in the presence of Mg+2 and Mn+2 and reducing agents such as DTT and ßmercaptoethanol, but it was reduced by Cu+2 and Pb+2 . The xylanase presented Km of 2.3 mM and Vmax of 731.8 U·mg·prot-1 with birchwood xylan as substrate. This xylanase presented differences in its properties when it was compared to the xylanases from other P. chrysogenum strains. Conclusion: The xylanase from P. chrysogenum F-15 showed lower enzymatic activity on commercial xylan than on hemicellulose from agroindustry biomass and its biochemistry characteristics, such as stability at 40°C and pH from 4.0 to 10.0, shows the potential of this enzyme for application in food, feed, pulp and paper industries and for bioethanol production.

Evaluación de levaduras nativas productoras de etanol presentes en el bagazo de caña de azúcar / Evaluation of producing ethanol native yeasts present in sugar cane bagasse

RESUMEN La hidrólisis química o enzimática del bagazo de caña de azúcar permite la obtención de azúcares fermentables, utilizados en la producción biotecnológica de etanol, mediante el empleo de levaduras comerciales o autóctonas obtenidas de diferentes materiales lignocelulósicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue valorar la capacidad de producción de e tanol de cepas de levaduras nativas, aisladas en medio YPD e hidrolizado de bagazo de caña de azúcar, concentrado hasta un 75 %. Utilizando como variables de estudio el tipo de cepa y el tiempo de proceso, se realizó un análisis multifactorial (ANOVA) para su evaluación. Los resultados obtenidos con la cepa seleccionada UAT-3, fueron para Yp/s de 0.441 7 g/g y QP de 0.076 7 g/L-h a las 120 h. Las condiciones de proceso utilizadas en el presente estudio permitieron aislar y seleccionar cepas nativas de Sacharomyces cereviseae, con características adecuadas para ser utilizadas en procesos biotecnológicos industriales de producción de etanol, utilizando como sustrato residuos o subproductos derivados de la in dustria azucarera como el bagazo de caña de azúcar.

ABSTRACT The chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse, allows the obtaining of fermentable sugars used in the biotechnological production of ethanol by using commercial or native yeasts obtained from different lignocellulosic materials. The purpose of this study was to assess the production capacity of ethanol from a native yeast strain isolated in YPD and hydrolyzed sugar cane bagasse concentrated up to 75 %. Using as study variables the type of strain and processing time, a multivariate analysis (ANOVA) was performed for its evaluation. The results achieved with the selected strain UAT-3, were 0.441 7 g/g for Yp/s and 0.076 7 g/L-h to 120 h for QP. The process conditions used in the present study allowed to isolate and select native strains of Sacharomyces cereviseae, with characteristics suitable to be used in industrial biotechnological proceses of ethanol production, using as substrate residues or by-products derived from the sugar industry such as bagasse of sugar.

Evaluation of hollocelulase production by Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler during the submerged fermentation growth using RSM / Avaliação da produção de enzimas holocelulolíticas por Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler durante o crescimento em fermentação submersa usando MSR

The cellulase proteins have a great importance in the enzymatic hydrolysis of woody biomass. Despite of costs being a major concern, it has been a stimulus to study basidiomycetes biochemical properties which degrade lignocellulosic material and have prompted the processes' study for obtaining cellulolytic enzymes in fungi. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of the initial nitrogen content on (ammonium sulfate) and on sugar cane bagasse, which hereby, acts as an inducer of hydrolytic enzymes to produce cellulases and xylanases, using three Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler strains as a transformation agent. A factorial design with 22 replications in the central point was conducted, varying concentrations of ammonium sulfate and sugar cane bagasse. The submerged cultures carried out in synthetic culture medium and incubated at 25°C for 7 days on an orbital shaker at 150 rpm. The total protein and cellulase activity as endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase and the xylanase was also determined. The results showed that the production of hydrolytic enzymes was stimulated by the presence of high concentrations of sugar cane bagasse (30g/L), characterizing it as an inducer due to the demonstrated proportional relationship. Thus, ammonium sulfate acted as a reducing agent in the synthesis of enzymes, being the low concentrations (0.1g/L) indicated for the enzyme production system under study. Among the studied strains, the EF52 showed higher activity for xylanase, endoglucanases, β-glucosidase and also protein.

As celulases são proteínas de grande importância na hidrólise enzimática de biomassa florestal. No entanto, seu custo elevado tem estimulado o estudo de processos de obtenção de enzimas celulolíticas por fungos filamentosos, tais como os basidiomicetos que apresentam propriedades bioquímicas para degradação de material lignocelulósico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do teor inicial de nitrogênio (sulfato de amônia) e de um indutor de enzimas hidrolíticas (bagaço de cana de açúcar) na produção de xilanases e celulases utilizando três isolados de Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler como agente de transformação. Foi realizado um planejamento fatorial 22 com repetição no ponto central, variando as concentrações de sulfato de amônia e bagaço de cana de açúcar. O cultivo submerso realizado em meio de cultivo sintético e incubado a 25°C por 7 dias em agitador orbital a 150 rpm. Foram determinados o teor de proteínas totais e a atividade de celulase como: endoglucanase, exoglucanase e β-glucosidase e ainda xilanase. Os resultados demonstraram que a produção das enzimas hidrolíticas foi estimulada pela presença de alta concentração de bagaço de cana (30g/L), caracterizando-o como agente indutor devido à relação de proporcionalidade demonstrada. Por sua vez, o sulfato de amônio atuou como redutor da síntese de enzimas, sendo as baixas concentrações (0,1g/L) indicadas para o sistema de produção das enzimas em estudo. Quanto às linhagens, a EF52 mostrou maior atividade para xilanase, endoglucanases, β-glucosidase e proteínas.

Penicillin production by wild isolates of Penicillium chrysogenum in Pakistan

The present study was aimed at exploring the native wild isolates of Penicillium chrysogenum series in terms of their penicillin production potential. Apart from the standard medium, the efforts were made to utilize suitable agro-industrial wastes for the maximum yield of penicillin. Two series of P. chrysogenum were isolated from local sources and named as P. chrysogenum series UAF R1 and P. chrysogenum series UAF R2. The native series were found to possess better penicillin production potential than the already reported series of P. chrysogenum. However, P. chrysogenum series UAF R1 was found to be the best candidate for high yield of penicillin starting at 100 hour as compared to P. chrysogenum series UAF R2 which produced the highest yield of penicillin at 150 hours for a shorter period of time. Addition of Corn Steep Liquor (CSL) to the fermentation medium resulted in the production of 1.20g/L penicillin by P. chrysogenum series UAF R1 and P. chrysogenum series UAF R2. The fermentation medium in which Sugar Cane Bagasse (SCB) was replaced with CSL resulted in the highest yield of penicillin (1.92g/L) by both native series of P. chrysogenum. The penicillin production was increased by 62.5% in medium with SCB as compared to that with CSL. The penicillin yield of medium containing lactose and phenyl acetate was higher than that of control medium. Overall results revealed that P. chrysogenum series UAF R1 and P. chrysogenum series UAF R2 may be recommended for better yield of natural penicillin and this efficiency may be further enhanced by utilizing SCB as substrate in the growth medium.

Physiological studies on carboxymethyl cellulase formation by Aspergillus terreus DSM 826

Physiological studies were conducted to determine the optimum cultural conditions for maximal carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) formation by Aspergillus terreus DSM 826. Shaking condition at 150 rpm is favorable for the production of CMCase from rice straw and sugar cane bagasse. The highest enzyme yield was obtained at the third day of incubation at 30ºC for both cases; however CMCase formation occurred at a broad range of pH values, with maximal formation of A. terreus DSM 826 CMCase at pH 4.5 and 5.0 when rice straw and sugar cane bagasse were used as sole carbon source, respectively. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was found to be a good inducer for CMCase formation in both agricultural wastes with CMC concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 % (w/v) in case of rice straw and sugar cane bagasse, respectively. High level of enzyme formation was obtained with the addition of ammonium chloride as nitrogen source in both cases and at a concentration of 0.4 % (v/v Tween-80) as an addition to medium containing rice straw. However this addition did not influence the production of CMCase in case of using sugar cane bagasse as carbon source.

Evaluation of sugar-cane bagasse as bioadsorbent in the textile wastewater treatment contaminated with carcinogenic congo red dye

A methodology involving sugar cane bagasse bioadsorbent was developed in order to remove the carcinogenic congo red dye from aqueous medium. The results showed high efficiency with retention of 64 ± 6 percent in synthetic congo red solution and 94 ± 5 percent in effluent enriched with congo red, at 10.0 g of the bioadsorbent. The adsorption system provided a maximum adsorption capacity of 4.43 mg/g. Tests showed independence adsorption properties, when compared with the column flow rates. The treatment units could be operated with flexibility. From the results, it was possible to conclude that sugar cane bagasse could be an adequate bioadsorbent.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de remoção do corante carcinogênico congo red de sistemas aquosos. Os resultados mostraram uma elevada eficiência de remoção sendo de 64 ± 6 por cento para soluções sintéticas de vermelho congo, e 94 ± 5 por cento para efluente industrial enriquecido com vermelho congo utilizando 10 g de bioadsorvente. A capacidade máxima adsotiva encontrada foi de 4,43 mg/g. Os testes de percolação revelaram independência das porcentagens adsortivas em relação às vazões das colunas. Estes resultados indicam viabilidade de uso do bagaço de cana-de-açucar no tratamento de efluentes contendo o congo red.

Efeito de diferentes aditivos sobre a qualidade fermentativa da silagem de resíduo de maracujá amarelo / Effects of different additives on the quality of yellow passion fruit residue silage

Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da inclusão de resíduos em diferentes níveis, sobre a qualidade fermentativa da silagem do resíduo de maracujá amarelo, foi conduzido este estudo. Os resíduos foram ensilados em silos experimentais de PVC, adaptados com válvula tipo Bünsen e com capacidade para aproximadamente 3 kg cada. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de três aditivos (bagaço de cana (BC), casca de café (CC) e sabugo de milho (SM)), em quatro níveis (10, 15, 20 e 25 por cento) mais um tratamento testemunha, sem aditivos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, constituindo um esquema fatorial com tratamento adicional [(3 x 4) + 1] com 4 repetições. As silagens em que se adicionou BC e as silagens com 100 por cento de resíduo do fruto de maracujá apresentaram teor de MS inferior aos recomendados para uma silagem. O aditivo CC foi o único que aumentou o teor protéico das silagens. Todas as silagens apresentaram valores de pH e N-NH3( por centoN total) de acordo com os padrões que caracterizam uma fermentação adequada, sendo os valores de pH inferiores a 4,2 e N-NH3( por centoN total) menores que 10 por cento. As silagens com 100 por cento de resíduo do fruto de maracujá, e as com BC ou CC adicionados nos diferentes níveis, apresentaram valores de MS, PB, pH e N-NH3 que caracterizam uma silagem de adequada qualidade fermentativa.

Aiming to evaluate the effect the addition of residues in different levels on the quality of passion fruit residue silage, this study was undertaken. The residues were ensiled in experimental PVC silos, fitted with Bunsen-type valves with a capacity of about 3 kg each. The treatments consisted of three additives (sugar-cane bagasse (SCB), coffee hulls (CH) and corn cob (CC)) at four levels (10, 15, 20 and 25 percent) plus a control treatment without additive. The experimental design used was the completely randomized, in a factorial scheme with an additional treatment [(3 x 4) + 1] with four replicates. The silages in which SCB was added and the silages with 100 percent of yellow passion fruit residue had a less DM content to the recommended for a good silage. The additive CH was the only that increased the protein content of the silages. All the silages showed values of pH and N-NH3 ( percent total N) according to the standards which characterize a good fermentation process. The silages with 100 percent of passion fruit residue and with SCB or with CC added at the different levels, showed good values of DM, CP, pH and N-NH3, indicating to be an alternative in ruminant feeding in regions where passion fruit by-product is available.

INSOLUBLE DYE XYLAN OF SUGAR CANE BAGASSE AND ITS APPLICATION FOR MEASUREMENT OF XYLANASE ACTIVITY / 微生物学通报

Xylan from sugar cane bagasse can be cross linked by 1,4 butanedioldiglycidylether with dye Cibacron blue 3GA to form an insoluble dye solid This substrate was stable from pH4 to pH8 at 50℃ for 24h or 100℃ for 30min It is easy and sensitive to use this dyed xylan from sugar cane bagasse in measuring xylanase activity and screening xylanase producing microorganisms on agar plate